Response to “The Challenge of Cultural Relativism” By Rachels Essay

In the text â€Å"The Challenge of Cultural Relativism,† James Rachels breaks down and discusses the theory of Cultural Relativism by presenting the pros and cons of this theory. He exposes some of the shortcomings of the theory arguing that some of the claims are wrong and contradictory. The theory of Cultural Relativism states that â€Å"there is no such thing as universal truth in ethics; there are only the various cultural codes.† In other words, the view of moral or ethical systems vary from culture to culture, therefore, we cannot say if one system is better than any other. In his text, Rachels argues that the idea of cultural relativism is an invalid argument, that it leads to implausible consequences, and that moral codes are not entirely different. At the same time, Rachels concludes that there are no good or bad things, but social norms; likewise, the cultural relativism influences us to have an open mind. Rachels begins by explaining that the cultural differe nces argument is invalid because the conclusion does not necessarily follow from the premises. Here Rachels uses as argument the old belief that the earth was flat, which is wrong, to show that if you believe in something, it does not necessary has to be true. Furthermore, Rachels argues that some of the possible consequences of this theory are that we cannot criticize sadistic cultures. In this case, he uses the anti-Semitic example to claim that if cultural relativism establishes that it is wrong to criticize this kind of action because they are part of the cultural code, then the theory is incorrect. At the same time, another of the serious consequences is that we cannot criticize our own culture, much less try to reform it since the theory states that it is wrong to make intracultural judgments. In other words, Rachels says that if cultural relativism is true, then what MLK Jr. did was wrong because his actions were against the moral code of his culture. Finally, Rachels discusses how the beliefs of one culture to another do not differ at all, since there are things that a re essential in any society.

Power And Powerlessness Essay

When I hear the word power many thoughts come to mind, but I feel power has many different forms. We could assume that power means more money, a bigger title, a corner office, a more generous budget, or â€Å"a seat at the table†. But that may not be true for everyone. For some, power may mean having the ability to control one’s career destiny in keeping with personal values and interests. Or power could mean having the opportunity to be creative as a project lead without too much interference from others. Or power could mean making decisions with trust and autonomy, such that no one can easily override your decisions. To me, power is control and the capacity to bring about change. For example, the United States government, they control everything and also other countries. Our government has the power to create and print money, regulate interstate and international trade, make treaties and conduct foreign policies, declare war, provide an army and navy, establish post o ffices, and make laws necessary to carry out these powers. In addition to their elusive powers, both the national government and state governments share the power of being able to; collect taxes, build roads, borrow money, establish court’s, make and enforce laws, charter banks and corporations, spend money for general welfare, and take private property for public purposes. Power is also acquired through possession or acquisition of the following resources: authority, money, status, knowledge, professional degrees, goods, services, votes, public support, information, ability to influence the media, and relationships with powerful people. Power can be derived from one’s authority to make decisions in organization s or by virtue of one’s gender, ethnicity, social class, or personal attributes, such as appearance and charisma. People often acquire power by establishing alliances and coalitions with others to support or oppose various policies or decision-making options. Workers in social service organizations also acquire power because they often decide whether individual clients receive services, resources, or referrals. But how would it feel to not have power, a sensation of being out of control with no apparent solution to help you to regain control, powerlessness. When the lack of capability to affect the realities of life that you can’t control such as; how others act towards you, if you will get a job you want, what the weather will be like, or if an accident will occur. Powerlessness can be simply defined as the absences of power resources. However, the â€Å"Mother† of empowerment practice, Barbara Solomon (1976), defines powerlessness as a product of the interaction between individuals and the social structures that limit life opportunities for them: Powerlessness is defined here as the inability to manage emotions, skills, knowledge, and/or material resources in a way that effective performance of valued social roles will lea d to personal gratification. The power deficiency so often seen among minority individuals and communities stems from a complex and dynamic interrelationship between the person and his relatively hostile social environment. When you feel powerless, you feel afraid to express your needs because you fear that what little you have will be taken from you. You may have learned powerlessness if you were kept in powerless positions repeatedly and/or over long periods of time, possibly during childhood, by those who used external forces (money, physical strength, legal status, and/or military force) to control you. You may have been abused as a child, a partner or spouse, an employee, a soldier, or you may have been the victim of racial or ethnic attacks. Such prolonged abuse can cause you to become afraid to feel even your own needs, to admit to yourself that you need something, you become immobilized and in certain critical ways you stop growing, you cease to thrive. When powerlessness is â€Å"learned†, it becomes self-perpetuating, even if the external forces are no longer there. An abused child may grow up to feel permanently powerless as an adult, even though his or her parents no longer have physical or economic power over him or her. One may then enter into a situation that repeats childhood experiences such as; living with or marrying an abusive partner, and therefore keeping oneself in externally imposed danger. Or one may keep oneself down through self-abuse, compulsive behaviors, and depression because the powerlessness has become internalized. The first step to overcoming learned powerlessness is to learn to feel entitled to your personal rights. You have the right to live a life free from physical, emotional, sexual, and financial mistreatment. You have the right to be treated with respect, to earn a livable income, to be informed of matters that affect you, and to express yourself freely, without harming others. Most importantly, you have the right to ask for what you need, even though you may be turned down, and to fight for what you need and want, even if you are turned down. Most people who have learned powerlessness barely feel entitled to speak, let alone to speak freely. Often professional therapy is necessary to overcome the ingrained patterns. Never the less, to overcome learned powerlessness, you must gradually, but persistently lay claim to each and every human right, one after the other. The purpose of the empowerment approach is to help people overcome feelings powerlessness by acquiring power. Mondros and Wilson (1994) differentiate power from â€Å"empowerment† by arguing that this second concept is actually a psychological state that â€Å"allows one to pursue concrete activities aimed at becoming powerful.† The literature on empowerment in organizations focuses on two distinct categories of organizations actors: program beneficiaries and staff members. Rapp, She ra, and Kisthardt (1993) define empowerment in individual clients as; confidence, control, decision authority, influence, autonomy, and self-trust.† According to Shera and Page (1995), empowerment of employees in organizations can be defined as, â€Å"a process of enhancing self-efficacy among organizational members through the identification of conditions that foster powerlessness and through their removal by both formal organizational practices and informal techniques that provide efficacy information.† Empowerment in the social services can take place within the context of relationships between workers and clients, within the organization’s formal decision-making structure, and within the contact between the organization and institutions or groups in its external environment. It should be noted that empowerment in organizations involves the redistribution of resources such as decision-making authority or goods and services. Therefore, in addition to producing specific outcomes, empowerment is a political process. Staff members may feel they will lose power and authority to make service decisions if clients are treated as equal partners in the decision-making process. Because one of the primary assumptions of empowerment in direct social work practice is to reduce feelings of powerlessness by increasing personal self-perceptions of one’s own power, the model focuses on facilitating the acquisition of leadership skills and actual political power among agency clientele. Staff members also acquire power through participation in organizational decision-making and by advocating for improvements in organizational policies and services. The organization gains political power as constituents become empowered to advocate for changes in government policies and campaign for meaningful social change. In conclusion, power, powerlessness, and empowerment all have a different meaning and serve a different purpose but each one has a powerful meaning in its own way.

Chemistry Experiment

Experiment 1: TLC Analysis of Analgesic Drugs 1/23/2011 Purpose: The goal of this experiment is to test our knowledge and understanding of TLC analysis by having us do a TLC analysis of analgesics to figure out their main chemical components. Calculations: 1. ) Rf = Distance spot traveled/ distance solvent traveled Results: Table 1: TLC Analysis Analgesic Drugs| Rf Value| Acetaminophen| 0. 323| Aspirin| 0. 597| Caffeine| 0. 081| Unknown 154 (Plate 1)| 0. 081, 0. 306, 0. 597| Ibuprofen| 0. 698|Salicyclamide| 0. 587| Unknown 154 (plate 2)| 0. 079, 0. 397, 0. 587| Discussion: The goal of this experiment was to use TLC Analysis to determine the analgesic drug present in the unknown solution 154. One observation of the unknown spotting solution was that it was cloudy. After forming the unknown spotting solution it was then heated to make it a more saturated solution thus enabling the spots on the TLC plate to contain more of the drug making it easier to compare it with the other drugs.Aft er the TLC plates were developed and visualized first through UV light and then through an Iodine chamber ( though no more spots were visualized with iodine chamber) , Rf values were then taken of each spot on the plate. The Acetaminophen had a value of 0. 323, Aspirin had a value of 0. 597, Caffeine had a value of 0. 081, Unknown 154 on the first plate had 3 different values; 0. 081, 0. 306, 0. 597, Ibuprofen had a value of 0. 698, Salicylamide had a value of 0. 587, and Unknown 154 on the second plate had three different values as well; 0. 079, 0. 97, and 0. 587. Through analysis it was determined that unknown 154 was Aspirin. This was found by comparing the Rf values of all the analgesic drugs to unknown 154. After comparing them it was seen that the Rf value for Aspirin matched one of the Rf values for unknown 154 exactly. The determination of the unknown was further supported by looking at the samples in solution. Both the unknown 154 and Aspirin were cloudy in solution thus fu rther supporting the identification of unknown 154. In this experiment there were not too many sources of error.One source could have been that the glassware being used may not have been cleaned thoroughly before using it thus possibly contaminating the unknown or the other analgesic drugs. This Experiment definitely was an efficient way to help determine what type of drug the unknown 154 was but there are a few improvements that could have been done to help better determine the unknown. One improvement could be to examine the solvent used because different solvents create different separations between spots.Another improvement could be to also run an Infrared Spectroscopy on the unknown and known compounds. Answers to Questions: 1. ) When running TLC plates three common mistakes that can be made are using a pen instead of a pencil to mark on the plate, using the wrong solvent, and touching the plates thus getting grease on them. 2. ) The Starting line and the spotting line are mark ed with pencil rather than pen because the ink from the pen would move with the solvent front thus interfering with the results. 3. ) Acetaminophen Aspirin CaffeineIbuprofen Salicylamide Pretty much all of the functional groups can determine the polarity of a compound. This includes Amides, Acids, Alcohols, Ketones, Aldehydes, Amines, Esters, Ethers, and Alkanes. Even though they all can determine the polarity of the compound Amides, Acids, Alcohols, Ketones, and Aldehydes are the most polar and therefore are the best at determining polarity in compounds. 4. ) In order of increasing polarity Ibuprofen is the least , then it is Aspirin, then Salicylamide, then acetaminophen, and Caffeine is the most polar. 5. The Acetic Acid in the TLC solvent is used to increase the polarity of the developing solvent thus reducing the amount of attraction the polar compound has for the stationary phase. 6. ) TLC is a good way to determine an unknown, but not to determine composition of an unknown. O ne good way to determine the composition of an unknown is to run an Infrared Spectroscopy which when analyzed functional groups can be identified. Another way to determine the composition of an analgesic drug could be to run a Mass Spectroscopy which when analyzed could determine the elemental composition of the drug. Chemistry Experiment Experiment 1: TLC Analysis of Analgesic Drugs 1/23/2011 Purpose: The goal of this experiment is to test our knowledge and understanding of TLC analysis by having us do a TLC analysis of analgesics to figure out their main chemical components. Calculations: 1. ) Rf = Distance spot traveled/ distance solvent traveled Results: Table 1: TLC Analysis Analgesic Drugs| Rf Value| Acetaminophen| 0. 323| Aspirin| 0. 597| Caffeine| 0. 081| Unknown 154 (Plate 1)| 0. 081, 0. 306, 0. 597| Ibuprofen| 0. 698|Salicyclamide| 0. 587| Unknown 154 (plate 2)| 0. 079, 0. 397, 0. 587| Discussion: The goal of this experiment was to use TLC Analysis to determine the analgesic drug present in the unknown solution 154. One observation of the unknown spotting solution was that it was cloudy. After forming the unknown spotting solution it was then heated to make it a more saturated solution thus enabling the spots on the TLC plate to contain more of the drug making it easier to compare it with the other drugs.Aft er the TLC plates were developed and visualized first through UV light and then through an Iodine chamber ( though no more spots were visualized with iodine chamber) , Rf values were then taken of each spot on the plate. The Acetaminophen had a value of 0. 323, Aspirin had a value of 0. 597, Caffeine had a value of 0. 081, Unknown 154 on the first plate had 3 different values; 0. 081, 0. 306, 0. 597, Ibuprofen had a value of 0. 698, Salicylamide had a value of 0. 587, and Unknown 154 on the second plate had three different values as well; 0. 079, 0. 97, and 0. 587. Through analysis it was determined that unknown 154 was Aspirin. This was found by comparing the Rf values of all the analgesic drugs to unknown 154. After comparing them it was seen that the Rf value for Aspirin matched one of the Rf values for unknown 154 exactly. The determination of the unknown was further supported by looking at the samples in solution. Both the unknown 154 and Aspirin were cloudy in solution thus fu rther supporting the identification of unknown 154. In this experiment there were not too many sources of error.One source could have been that the glassware being used may not have been cleaned thoroughly before using it thus possibly contaminating the unknown or the other analgesic drugs. This Experiment definitely was an efficient way to help determine what type of drug the unknown 154 was but there are a few improvements that could have been done to help better determine the unknown. One improvement could be to examine the solvent used because different solvents create different separations between spots.Another improvement could be to also run an Infrared Spectroscopy on the unknown and known compounds. Answers to Questions: 1. ) When running TLC plates three common mistakes that can be made are using a pen instead of a pencil to mark on the plate, using the wrong solvent, and touching the plates thus getting grease on them. 2. ) The Starting line and the spotting line are mark ed with pencil rather than pen because the ink from the pen would move with the solvent front thus interfering with the results. 3. ) Acetaminophen Aspirin CaffeineIbuprofen Salicylamide Pretty much all of the functional groups can determine the polarity of a compound. This includes Amides, Acids, Alcohols, Ketones, Aldehydes, Amines, Esters, Ethers, and Alkanes. Even though they all can determine the polarity of the compound Amides, Acids, Alcohols, Ketones, and Aldehydes are the most polar and therefore are the best at determining polarity in compounds. 4. ) In order of increasing polarity Ibuprofen is the least , then it is Aspirin, then Salicylamide, then acetaminophen, and Caffeine is the most polar. 5. The Acetic Acid in the TLC solvent is used to increase the polarity of the developing solvent thus reducing the amount of attraction the polar compound has for the stationary phase. 6. ) TLC is a good way to determine an unknown, but not to determine composition of an unknown. O ne good way to determine the composition of an unknown is to run an Infrared Spectroscopy which when analyzed functional groups can be identified. Another way to determine the composition of an analgesic drug could be to run a Mass Spectroscopy which when analyzed could determine the elemental composition of the drug.

Financing sources in Vietnam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Financing sources in Vietnam - Essay Example Such policy reforms have proved beneficial with regard to China, Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand. These countries have also benefitted from network associations, cluster linkage to markets, and novel support arrangements. Policy support has been established as being crucial for the growth of SMEs in Vietnam. B. Business Support Services Privatisation emerged as a strategy for restructuring the large state owned enterprises (SOEs) into SMEs (Gibb and Lyapunov, 1996). A solution that is at variance to this initiative has been proposed by McIntyre (2002). This procedure states that the dismantling of large firms may fail to promote the growth of SMEs. This notion has been vindicated in Asia, and this can be attributed to the lack of a suitable support regime. For instance, the Chinese SMEs require the support of the large firms. Dallago and McIntyre (2003) have cited the experiences of the CEE nations to show that by themselves, the SMEs do not have the capacity to grow. The presence o f institutions and supporting mechanisms that have been properly developed is indispensable for the growth of these SMEs. C. Supporting Infrastructures It has been proposed by Wattanapruttipaisan (2002) that competitiveness can be rendered not only by natural resources and location, but also by contemporary global information and knowledge. It can also be promoted by participation in clusters involving firms, supplier networks, or producers and matching products; consumers and distributors; continuous learning and enhanced flexibility and efficiency. The SMEs were furnished with a new information flow and knowledge base, due to network association. This base has the capacity to emerge as a significant model for efficient resource distribution, via policy measures emanating from the market and the state. Support of the Government in Vietnamese SME Development It was recognised, during the project’s conceptualisation in the year 1994 that the furtherance of SMEs had to be ensur ed. However, a comprehensive document that described the procedures to be adopted by the Government, in order to support SMEs was conspicuous by its absence. Subsequently, the accomplishments and the works supported by the project had been viewed keenly in the highest echelons. Towards the end of the year 1998 a comprehensive assessment was conducted, which disclosed that the project had significantly affected discussion and formulation of the policy related to SMEs. The Central Institute of Economic Management (CIEM), in February 1997, reviewed the administrative and legal situation in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC). The emphasis was upon identifying the impediments to the formation and development of SMEs and the provision of recommendations to the Government. The CIEM, true to its calling of being an important entity in drafting policy pertaining to business, compiled and examined most of the documentation relating to the establishment, operation and dissolution of business. I t also conducted panoptic interviews with SMEs, and central and local policy making agencies. In January 1998, the stakeholders completed the twin tasks of discussion and validation, and this was due to the workshops in HCMC and Hanoi. The recommendations of this report, in the context of an

Performance Management in Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Performance Management in Education - Essay Example Average spending per pupil is approaching that of independent schools. Rather than the lack of resources, the reason for poor performance lies in the structure of the education system. In the absence of parental choice, British schools have been subjected to increasingly strong direction from central government. While the aim was to achieve a minimum level of achievement for all children, the result has been persistently low standards, inequity and burdensome regulation Research (Oct,2005) done by the independent think tank Reform shows that radical education reform, based on allowing parents to choose either state or independent schools at the taxpayers' expense, is supported by a half of all voters and would create thousands of new schools. A Reform study, The potential benefits of real education reform in England, includes detailed research into the system of school choice in Sweden, held up last week by the former Minister Alan Milburn as a model for the forthcoming White Paper on secondary education. Sweden has seen a dramatic increase in the number of taxpayer-funded independent schools in all areas of the country, including rural and deprived areas. If the Swedish experience was replicated in England, real reform would lead to over 3,500 new schools in twelve years. Reform also released an ICM poll on education reform. ... If the Swedish experience was replicated in England, real reform would lead to over 3,500 new schools in twelve years. Reform also released an ICM poll on education reform. It shows that 76 per cent of voters think that state education is in need of a fundamental review and 49 per cent support choice of both state and independent schools on the Swedish model. A majority of 18-34 year-olds support radical reform. The study shows that the Government's general election manifesto gives it the mandate it needs to introduce radical reform. But unless the key principle of reform is accepted - that taxpayers' money can follow parental choice freely into the independent sector, allowing new schools to open according to parental demand rather than Local Education Authority decision - any change will be slow and any improvement limited. The Reform report shows: 1. The Prime Minister and other senior Labour figures have said that a key objective for this Parliament is to increase the number and variety of state schools in England. They have argued for barriers to the opening of schools to be removed and for new schools to be run by private and voluntary providers. 2. This objective is right. At present the provision of schools and school places is not demand-led by parents but centrally planned by Local Education Authorities. The effect of planning decisions over the last two decades has been to reduce the number of schools and to limit the choices available for parents. Since 1984, the total number of state schools has fallen by 13 per cent (a fall of 3,267 schools) in a time of rising pupil numbers. Prime Minister and other senior Labour figures have made clear that a key aim of their policy for Parliament is to increase the number and variety of state schools

Taxation of life-cycle savings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Taxation of life-cycle savings - Essay Example Further, 25% lump sum can be withdrawn from pension funds tax free (Lymer & Oats, 2013). Due to these treatments, most of the savings in the UK are made in pensions, housings and ISAs. They discourage savings in all other forms and put limitations on economic activity. Further, the current tax laws are complex. According to the current system, neutrality can neither be achieved over time nor across assets. It discourages people from saving because the present value of their income increases. They become better off spending their income now than later. Also, this system does not take inflation into account. The returns on savings are taxed on nominal returns. Therefore, tax on returns on savings actually increases with a rise in inflation rate. Further, the phenomenon of compound interest reduces the effective rate of return and its reducing effect is directly proportional to the passage of time (Mirrlees et al., 2011). Adam Smith (1776) proposed four canons of taxation for an optimal tax system. These canons are: ‘Equity, Certainty, Convenience and efficiency’ (Lymer & Oats, 2013, p.43). Economic efficiency relates to fiscal neutrality which refers to an ideal tax condition which does not ‘distort the economic and commercial decisions made by individuals’ (Lymer & Oats, 2013, p61). The concept of neutrality demands that people’s choices should not be distorted. However, in standard income tax, neutrality is foregone both over time and across assets. The current system makes people prefer investing in pension funds and ISAs but discourages saving through other opportunities as it taxes them at a higher rate. Further, it actually subsidises investing in a pension fund as it allows a tax free withdrawal of a lump sum. This discourages people from taking risks and limits economic activity. It also defeats the prospects of achieving neutrality over time. This system treats capital gains differently

QI strategies into performance measurements Essay

QI strategies into performance measurements - Essay Example The main performance area under consideration is quality improvement in health care, followed closely by patient safety. Quality healthcare is very integral in the vision, mission and overall strategic plan of Memorial Healthcare. In order to improve the overall quality of healthcare, many healthcare facilities employ different strategies, but they all have a singular aim. This focus has aided many heath facilities to improve their patient outcomes and follow the protocols of treatment. One of the models aimed at improving the quality of healthcare is the Plan Do Study Act. This methodology entails four steps, aimed at instituting changes in a system. To institute changes, a plan is hatched in order to test the change. Once this is accomplished, the test is executed, followed by a critical observation of the results for the purpose of learning and having a deeper understanding of the system. Thereafter, any shortcomings are identified and potential modifications made. Its pros include its application of scientific processes, its wide application, its effective management and control of results and capacity for exponential improvement. However, the methodology’s non-specific approach in dealing with problems, coupled with the possibility of being impacted by major risks when tackling small problems are examples of some of its drawbacks. According to Stamatis, the Lean methodology is a process improvement model that focusses on improving productivity while still minimizing waste and costs in the system. In order to be implemented, it requires a collaborative effort between all personnel in the organization for the purpose of identifying the improving productivity and highlighting the shortcomings in patient care services. Its pros include improved care patient services through care inefficiency reductions, employee and physician satisfaction and improved level of patient care and satisfaction. However, the methodology is time consuming and cost

Fund managers combine assets into portfolios with attributes expected Essay

Fund managers combine assets into portfolios with attributes expected to be attractive to their clients. Identify and describe a - Essay Example The active strategies for financial investments are: proper stock selection; good market timing; appropriate bond swapping; and a ladder approach in multi-investments. Appropriate or proper stock selection involves the buying of undervalued stocks. The investor must be aware of any existing public information related to the stocks he/she is going to buy to be able to evaluate fairly well the best possible stocks that are being offered which will eventually yield the best possible growth and return. This type of investment technique keeps the portfolio streamlined and more manageable because the investor is well-informed about the stocks’ standing. Market timing strategy leads any potential investor to purchase stocks when the prices are low and to sell them when they reach their maximum peak values at a given time. This entails guessing the ups and downs of the money market that is usually dependent on various issues that affects marketable stocks. Bond swapping is an active i nvestment strategy that requires an investor to make a forecast as to when to sell long-term bonds and when to buy short-term bonds. The capital gains on bonds are based on the changes involved in interest rates, which normally fluctuates from time to time. Last but not the least active strategy for financial investment is the ladder approach where investors are encouraged or advised to invest in mixed or various types of investments that have different maturity dates and varying levels of risks. This particular active strategy is designed to provide the investor a more regular and fixed income that has lower risks (Norton, 2008a). The second type of investment strategy is the passive investment strategies. This type of investment strategy involves the following investment techniques: balance mutual fund; index portfolio, dollar cost averaging, buy and hold; and dividends reinvestment plan. The balance mutual fund is a diverse combination of investments offering various maturity dat es along with different risk intensities. This kind of investment strategy helps to make any investment portfolio more stable since the levels of risks vary and the returns augment losses if any. Next passive strategy is the index portfolio intended to copy a main index. Similar shares with the same proportion as the main index is bought with the primary aim of duplicating its performance and not out-performing it. This makes returns more predictable and is often utilized when investing in equities. The dollar cost averaging is another form of passive investment strategy where investments are purchased at standard periodic intervals without considering the fluctuation of market prices. Hence, if the price movement is downhill the average price for the investment is usually greater than the current market price. But if the price trend is uphill then the average cost is less than the market price. Buy and hold is another type of passive investment method which aims to provide the best possible return for a particular risk level. This method normally involves bonds and stocks that are held for long periods of time or until their respective maturity dates. The dividends reinvestment plan strategy is a type of passive i

The John Lewis Partnership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The John Lewis Partnership - Essay Example 6). The original owner of the business, John Lewis set up this particular business in 1864. Later in 1905, his son John Spedan Lewis became the head of Lewis’s other store (Peter John in Sloane Square). Political pressures to the extent of making major serious decisions regarding the company lured John Spedan Lewis so much. John Spedan wanted the company managed in a totally different manner. He decided that every single employee of the company who was permanent was going to have shares in the business; therefore, he organized the launching of a staff profit sharing plan, which was held at one if the businesses (Peter Jones store). The structure of the organization has become totally different in the sense that, everybody in the company has the say and gets the shares instead of having one director owning the company and making major decision. Everybody who works in the company is a boss and there is no possibility of having rules that can be followed as there is no one in cha rge of that work. This is because everybody in the company is a director. (Pederson 2008, p. 165). Finance Partners in the company have a direct monetary attention, making them exercise their power in the company. This is because in JLP, all partners are entitled to a yearly bonus, which is obtained from the company’s annual profits (that is 10% - 15% of every individual’s annual earnings). ... The partners together with their families have the privilege to enjoy all the leisure and accommodation in the facilities; hence this will most likely result in the collapse of the business in future. Marketing LP works in selections of highly aggressive business surroundings; Tesco, Sainsbury and walmat (Asda), thus controlling the food retail market in the United Kingdom. JLP has also ventured into the clothing business, electronics, furnishings, and even furniture creating competition with various departmental stores. JLP is aware that in order to make it in such business and with so much competition involved, everything that is done will need maximum competence and usefulness. This means that the management of the company has to be taken seriously, otherwise due to the entire staff ownership of the business, some members may not take their jobs seriously, as they may only be focusing on what they have in the company (Lewis 1986, p. 6). The company catalogue shows that the intenti on of John Lewis Partnership is merely to satisfy its members. John Lewis Partnership has come up with a convention arrangement of a massive organization in terms of setting up a main headquarters and varieties of dissections, stockrooms and branches, industries and retail supplies. Waitrose have demonstrated their focus on quality and importance for money, as their way forward to its selling and procedures. Waitrose have since had a tradition of marketing their products together with local products. This is the reason the company has been able to win the attention from all types of customers, both from local and international arenas. They have goods varying from expensive, cheap international and local goods. Waitrose predicted the

Tension Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tension - Essay Example Stressors are the external stimuli that evoke physiological or behavioral change in people.† (Everly and Smith, 80) Coping with anxiety and tension was one of the most essential challenges I faced in my young life and, I swear, it was a meticulous task altogether to control tension and stress in my life. Being a very sensitive gentleman with great potential for personal achievements, I realized the need for making intensive efforts to deal with the issues concerning tension when it began to delay several personal glories. Therefore, I began to learn more about tension, stress and anxiety and the reasons for human tensions. I also made it a point that I practice some of the tension management methods which could be useful in dealing with the issue of tension and stress in personal life, and the ultimate result of all these efforts has been convincing to me as I noticed enormous changes in my attitudes as well as actions. Therefore, I hold the view that tension and stress managem ent is most valuable to human beings who are prone to suffer from the consequences of tension in life. As mentioned before, my first reaction to an understanding of the threats of tension in my life was to recognize or learn the factors which contribute to tension in human life, followed by an intense and determined decision to adopt measures to fight tension in my life. As I started analyzing the theories and literature on tension and stress, I came to realize that negative thoughts as well as undesirable feelings contribute greatly toward the mood of tense-tiredness. It was obvious to me that reducing tension in life was the essential answer to the problems I encountered in my personal achievements and it can also help one in getting away from the negative state of tense-tiredness. From the various case analyses available in the literature on